English author Mary Ann Evans, who was born on this day in 1819, wrote epic books like
Middlemarch (1871) and
The Mill on the Floss (1860) under the pen name George Eliot. Literary critic Harold Bloom placed Eliot among the greatest Western writers of all time;
Middlemarch has been described as the greatest novel in the English language and Virginia Woolf called it, "one of the few English novels written for grown-up people." Conservative columnist George Will once put the book on a list of ten things he would take with him to another planet, along with Tokin' Woman
Susan Sarandon.
Of Will Ladislaw, a character in
Middlemarch, Eliot wrote, “The attitudes of receptivity are various, and Will had sincerely tried many of them. He was not excessively fond of wine, but he had several times taken too much, simply as an experiment in that form of ecstasy; he had fasted till he was faint, and then supped on lobster; he had made himself ill with doses of opium. Nothing greatly original had resulted from these measures; and the effects of the opium had convinced him that there was an entire dissimilarity between his constitution and De Quincey's [referring to the author of
Confessions of an Opium Eater]."
In an earlier novel,
The Lifted Veil (1859), Eliot writes in first person as Latimer, a man having premonitions of his own death who is "cursed with an exceptional mental character....weary of incessant insight and foresight." A dreamy and sensitive sort of man who is not appreciated by himself or others for these qualities, he writes to the reader, "we have all a chance of meeting with some pity, some tenderness, some charity, when we are dead: it is the living only who cannot be forgiven....while the creative brain can still throb with the sense of injustice, with the yearning for brotherly recognition—make haste—oppress it with your ill-considered judgements, your trivial comparisons, your careless misrepresentations."
Latimer begins to have "moments of happy hallucination" from a newfound "abnormal sensibility" following an illness.* He faints after having a premonition of meeting Betrtha, a young woman who is always described as dressed in green leaves or jewels. Eliot deftly works in hashish when describing Latimer's relationship with her:
"And she made me believe that she loved me. Without ever quitting her tone of badinage and playful superiority, she intoxicated me with the sense that I was necessary to her, that she was never at ease, unless I was near her, submitting to her playful tyranny. It costs a woman so little effort to beset us in this way! A half-repressed word, a moment’s unexpected silence, even an easy fit of petulance on our account, will serve us as hashish for a long while."**
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| Bronze statue of Eliot in her hometown of Nuneaton in Warwickshire, |
Eliot, who lived with a man out of wedlock, was a radical from an early age. She wrote in an early letter, "May I unceasingly aspire to unclothe all around me of its conventional,
human, temporary dress, to look at it in its essence and in its
relation to eternity." At the age of 25 she translated David Strauss’s
Das Leben Jesu, a book that "
deconstructed Christianity as historical myth." Later in life,
she corresponded with Harriet Beecher Stowe, author of
Uncle Tom's Cabin, and wrote her own anti-slavery novel
Romola (1862).
In
Middlemarch, the pious Nicholas Bulstrode robs a woman and her son of their inheritance, and kills a blackmailer who knew his past with an overdose of opium and alcohol. When Bulstrode is revealed to be a scoundrel, he protests, calling his accusers those "
who have been spending their income on their own sensual enjoyments, while I have been devoting mine to advance the best objects with regard to this life and the next.” Mr. Hawley replies, “As to Christian or unchristian, I repudiate your canting palavering Christianity; and as to the way in which I spend my income, it is not my principle to maintain thieves and cheat offspring of their due inheritance in order to support religion and set myself up as a saintly Killjoy.”
In a second edition published 15 years after
The Lifted Veil was first printed, Eliot adds an aphorism to begin the book, perhaps to answer criticism of it:
Give me no light, great Heaven, but such as turns
To energy of human fellowship;
No powers beyond the growing heritage
That makes completer manhood.
I won't ruin the ending of the book, but it has interesting, moralistic twist, as do the works of Eliot's contemporaries
Robert Louis Stevenson and
Louisa May Alcott.
*After an illness, Latimer begins to have visions, and says, "I had often
read of such effects—in works of fiction at least. Nay; in genuine
biographies I had read of the subtilizing or exalting influence of some
diseases on the mental powers. Did not Novalis feel his inspiration
intensified under the progress of consumption?" Eliot is speaking of the 18th century mystic poet and philosopher who called himself Novalis. According to a review of Marcus Boon's book The Road of Excess: A History of Writers on Drugs by George Gessert:
Novalis, who had tuberculosis and used opium medicinally, came to
believe that sickness and opium, which arose from nature, could lead the
soul beyond nature. "All sicknesses resemble sin in that they are
transcendences," he wrote. He associated his own sickness with "excess
sensibility," or extravagant soulfulness which, like opium, was a way of
becoming God, hence a sin. However, sickness and opium use were also
ways of perceiving the world anew. This interpretation of drug
experience, as a material path that partakes of sin and death, but
transforms perceptions, and can renew life, has been with us in one form
or another ever since.
During the 19th century many writers and artists experimented with
opium, and after 1840 with hashish, and coca. Boon mentions Coleridge, Delacroix, Daumier, Sir Walter Scott, Poe, Baudelaire, Balzac, Alexandre Dumas, Rimbaud, Conrad Doyle, Robert Louis Stevenson, and Yeats,
among many others. Opium and hashish not only tied romanticism to
science, but spanned Europe and its colonies, infusing into Western
consciousness molecules of the mysterious East. Records of opium and
hashish dreams during this period are overrun with Orientalist imagery [a theme I have returned to many times in this blog].
**Englishmen and women who traveled to the East in the mid-1800s brought
back hashish for domestic consumption; tinctures were also available in
pharmacies to treat a variety of illnesses.
In “English Traits” (1856), Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote:
“The young men have a rude health which runs into peccant humors. They
drink brandy like water...They stoutly carry into every nook and corner
of the earth their turbulent sense; leaving no lie uncontradicted; no
pretension unexamined. They chew hasheesh....and measure their own
strength by the terror they cause.”
